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A Echiura, or even spoon worms, come the little class action of marine animals. It is considered the class action of annelids, though they lack a metameric structure observed within more members of that class action, & come typically treated as a separate phylum. A Echiura fossilize poorly & a earliest known specimen is from either a Pennsylvanian (called a upper Carboniferous outside North America). Yet, U-shaped fossil tunnel that can be Echiuran use been noticed, dating back to the Cambrian.

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Introduction to the Echiura
Introduction to this small phylum, closely related to the Annelids, from UCMP Berkeley.

Minor Invertebrate Phyla - Echiura
Echiurans are marine worms that burrow into mud or sand or live in empty shells.

Life with Toxic Sulfide
A talk by Alissa Arp about Hydrothermal Vents, Deep Sea Vents, Seeps and Estuarine Mud--Life with Toxic Sulfide - Taxa included are Pogonophora and Echiura

Echiura - Devolopment of the nervous system and phylogenetic implications
Immunohistochemical analysis (cLSM) of the development and organization of the nervous system in Echiura and the phylogenetic implications of these results. The work of Rene Hessling shows volume rendered three-dimensional reconstructions of the central nervous system of Bonellia viridis. The results suggest that the Echiura do not form a distinct phylum but should be consided as a subtaxon of Annelida.

David Julian: Urechis caupo research
MPEG files of Urechis caupo (Echiura) feeding behavior and summary of corresponding paper.






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